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"In the lands around the Indian Ocean, the rainy and dry seasons reflect the influence of alternating winds known as monsoons. A gigantic high-pressure zone over the Himalaya Mountains that peaks from December to March produces southern Asia’s dry season by forcing strong ocean winds in the western Indian Ocean to blow toward southward and westward toward Africa. This is the northeast monsoon. Between April and August, a low-pressure zone over India reverses the process by drawing moist oceanic air from the south and west to form the southwest monsoon. This brings southern Asia the heavy rains of its wet season, usually called the monsoon season." Bulliet et al., The Earth and Its Peoples, 7th edition, Boston: Cengage Learning, 2018, p. 350.

1. How did human adaptation to the environmental patterns described in the passage impact the development of Eastern Africa during the period 600–1450?
a. Eastern Africa became a major trade center on the Indian Ocean trade route.
b. East Africa remained sparsely populated due to difficulties travelling to and from the region.
c. East Africa developed a homogenous culture because they remained cut off from major avenues of cultural interaction.
d. East Africa became a center of maritime innovation.

2. Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the eastern and western regions of Africa during the period 600–1450?
a. Both regions rejected their African cultural heritage in favor of new technology and ideas spread by Asian traders.
b. Islam spread to both regions mostly due to the activities of merchants.
c. Both regions developed centralized imperial governments to regulate and protect merchants.
d. In addition to participating in trade routes connecting to the exterior of Africa, both also traded regularly with each other through the interior of Africa.

3. Which of the following emerged in East Africa as a result of the migrations and commercial contacts made possible by the environmental conditions described in the passage?
a. The domestication of the camel for travel through the interior of Africa
b. The emergence of the new Swahili language
c. De-urbanization as people preferred temporary structures to permanent ones due to the destruction caused by coastal storms
d. A sense of curiosity about science and nature that led to state-sponsored voyages of exploration and scientific discovery