a primary disadvantage of a centralized organizational structure is that it results in . a. lengthening response times and discouraging lower-level managers and rank-and-file employees from exercising initiative b. losing top-level management control c. putting too much decision-making authority in the hands of lower-level company personnel d. making it hard to fix accountability when things do not go well and putting the organization at risk when bad decisions are made e. impeding cross-unit coordination