It has been found that lower test scores are highly correlated with higher amounts of tutoring. Because of this high correlation can we say that lower tests scores are caused by tutoring? a. No, because those who need t u t o r s are usually those who have trouble with that material b. Yes, because t u t o r s are not very good and therefore, they just impede the students’ ability to do well. 2. True or False: Simpson’s paradox occurs whenever including a lurking variable causes you to rethink the direction of an association. 3. True or False: The stronger the correlation between two variables, the higher the level of causation. 4. Is this a false or true statement? Extrapolation is the use of the regression line to estimate a mean of y-values for an x-value that is far outside the x-range of data.