The underclass hypothesis asserts that:

a.
A neighborhood's age, population density, state of housing disrepair, and other relevant criteria all help to determine the level of services that are provided to a particular neighborhood

b.
The gender composition of a particular neighborhood determine the level of services that are provided to a particular neighborhood

c.
Race and class determine the level of services that are provided to a particular neighborhood, as poor and minority neighborhoods suffer discrimination as a result of the racial and class biases

d.
Both (a) and (c)

e.
None of the above