Which of the following is an implication of the global monetary system for currency management?
a. Speculative buying and selling of currencies create predictable movements in exchange rates.
b. The foreign exchange market is efficient.
c. Both short- and long-term exchange rate movements are easy to predict.
d. The foreign exchange market is driven by a combination of government intervention and speculative activity.
e. Exchange rate movements can be predicted by the purchasing power parity theory.