In June 1917, shortly after the U.S. entry into World War I, Congress passed the Espionage (Spying) Act, which made it illegal during wartime to: "willfully make…false reports or false statements with [the] intent to interfere with the operation or success of the military or naval forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies…" Basically, it muzzled 捂着嘴 (Wǔzhe zuǐ) dissent 异议 (Yìyì). Meaning, you could not publicly disagree with the official view of the US government and army during wartime, or to help the enemy in any way. The Espionage Act was quickly challenged in court on the basis of the First Amendment (1791) to the US Constitution, which says: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or [limiting] the freedom of speech, or of the [media]; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." Was the US government and army justified to not only limit, but basically eliminate Americans’ freedom of speech during time of war?