What is produced by a lifestyle of poor areas and passed from one generation to the next? a. Underclass b. At-risk adults c. Culture of poverty 2. Lowest levels of the underclass: a. Truly disadvantaged b. At-risk c. Poor d. Transitional neighborhoods 3. When subcultural values are handed down from one generation to the next is called: a. Cultural mutation b. Cultural transmission c. Subcultural transmission 4. Poverty areas that suffer high rates of population turnover are called: a. At-risk neighborhoods b. Transitional neighborhoods c. Concentric zones 5. When neighbors are willing to practice informal social control through: a. Staying indoors b. Arresting criminals c. Being auxiliary police d. Surveillance 6. Substitution of an alternative set of goals and means from conventional ones is called: a. Innovation b. Ritualism c. Rebellion 7. Agnew suggests that criminality is the direct result of: a. Negative affective states b. Poverty c. Underclass d. Neighborhood 8. The elements of general stain theory include all the following, EXCEPT: a. Introduction into a life of poverty b. Failure to achieve positively valued goals c. Disjunction of expectations and achievements d. Removal of positively valued stimuli 9. According to general strain theory, why is it that some people who experience strain do NOT fall into a life of crime and eventually resort to criminality? a. They do not really experience strain b. They have coping skills c. People help the out d. They live in good communities 10. One of the biggest question marks about GST (General Strain Theory) is its ability to adequately explain what concerning the crime rate? a. Age differences b. Racial differences c. Economic status differences d. Gender differences 11. What occurs when the rules expressed in the criminal law clash with the demands of group conduct norms? a. Focal concerns b. Strain c. Culture conflict d. Concentration effect 12. Who wrote Culture Conflict and Crime, a theoretical attempt to link cultural adaptation to criminality? a. Cloward b. Miller c. Sellin d. Ohlin 13. Which of the following is one of Miller's lower class focal concerns? a. Trouble b. Toughness c. Smartness d. Criminality 14. Being independent of authority figures, such as the police, teachers, and parents is an example of: a. Trouble b. Autonomy c. Toughness d. Smartness 15. The author of the classic book, Delinquent Boys, was: a. Freud b. Martin c. Sutherland d. Cohen 16. A truant who engages in petty or status offenses is a: a. Corner boy b. College boy c. Delinquent boy d. Conflict boy 17. One who embraces the cultural and social values of the middle class is a: a. Corner boy b. College boy c. Delinquent boy d. Conflict boy 18. One who adopts a set of norms and principles in direct opposition to middle-class values is a: a. Corner boy b. College boy c. Delinquent bov 19. Overly intense responses that seem disproportionate to the stimuli that trigger them are called: a. Reaction formation b. Reality principle c. Cultural deviance d. Group autonomy 20. Who wrote the classic Delinquency and Opportunity? a. Winfree and Mays b. Martin and Gordon c. Brown and Dennis d. Cloward and Ohlin 21. The concept that people in all strata of society share the same success goals, but those in the lower class have limited means of achieving them is known as: a. Differential opportunity b. Differential association c. Differential reinforcement d. Differential timing 22. Those who are double failures and unable to gain success through legitimate means and unwilling to do so through illegal ones are likely to join which of the following gangs? a. Criminal b. Conflict c. Retreatist d. Corner boy gang 23. Gangs which exist in stable slum area in which close connections among adolescent, young adult and adult offenders create an environment for successful enterprise are known as: a. Criminal b. Conflict c. Retreatist d. Corner boy gang 24. Gangs that develop in communities unable to provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities are known as: a. Criminal b. Conflict c. Retreatist d. Corner boy gang 25. The foremost structural theory-based crime reduction strategy today is known as: a. War on Poverty b. Operation Weed and Seed c. VISTA (urban Peace Corps)