As shown in Figure B4, a three-phase CCD camera in the full frame architecture has a pixel array of 1,600 × 1,200. The pixel size is 3×3 µm². Answer the following questions: (a) To have 12 frames per second, what is the minimum clock rate of the shift readout register? (4 marks) (b) What is the maximum number of gate transfer required for the charges in a pixel to reach the amplifier? (4 marks) (c) If at least 95% of the amount of charge in the pixel at the top left (see Figure B4) can be transferred to the amplifier, what is the charge transfer efficiency of the CCD? (4 marks) (d) If the dark current density of the CCD device is 1.5 nA/cm², estimate the maximum number of electrons produced by the dark current in one pixel for each frame. (3 marks) 1600 1200 t Amplifier Shift readout register Figure B4