Classify each action as contractionary or expansionary monetary policy:
i. Increasing the discount rate
ii. Reducing the required reserve ratio
iii. Reducing the federal funds rate
iv. Selling government securities

a) i. Expansionary, ii. Contractionary, iii. Expansionary, iv. Contractionary
b) i. Contractionary, ii. Expansionary, iii. Contractionary, iv. Expansionary
c) i. Contractionary, ii. Contractionary, iii. Expansionary, iv. Expansionary
d) i. Expansionary, ii. Expansionary, iii. Contractionary, iv. Contractionary