How do the chemical modifications described in the passage differ from eukaryotic post-transcriptional modifications? 1) Post-transcriptional modifications are made to mRNA, whereas post-translational modifications only affect enzymes. 2) Post-transcriptional modifications are not catalyzed by enzymes. 3) Post-transcriptional modifications do not involve the addition or removal of parts of the substrate. 4) Post-transcriptional modifications are carried out entirely within the nucleus.