The following are examples of how during the late 19th and 20th centuries, US public schools functioned as tools to reproduce the prevailing system except:________

a. subjugating students' will and drilling obedience into them.
b. fostering patriotism by manipulating the teaching of history.
c. John Dewey's system of cooperative and interactive learning.
d. giving school officials, not teachers, control over textbooks to use in class.