Which of these techniques is least helpful for encouraging comprehension monitoring (e.g., students noticing and reacting when the text does not make sense to them)? a. using a signal system, such as a stop sign and U-turn sign to promote rereading and a green light to indicate the comprehension problem has been resolved b. waiting until a reading is completed and then asking students questions to summarize c. encouraging students to ask for clarification as soon as they are confused d. encouraging students to “turn and talk” or to work collaboratively with a partner or small group to clarify meaning