Perforation of an ulcer is a surgical emergency and is characterized by sudden, sharp, intolerable severe pain beginning in the mid-epigastric area and spreading over the abdomen, which becomes rigid and boardlike. Chronic gastritis causes deterioration and atrophy of the lining of the stomach, leading to the loss of the function of the parietal cells, which results in the inability to absorb vitamin B12.
b) Chronic gastritis leads to vitamin B12 deficiency
c) Perforation of an ulcer is characterized by dull pain
d) Chronic gastritis causes increased gastric acid secretion