Diagram the following arguments. Supply any necessary premises or conclusions that are needed, and omit any statements from the passage that are not needed.

[1] To every existing thing God wills some good. [2] Hence, since to love anything is nothing else than to will good to that thing, [3] it is manifest that God loves everything that exists.

[1] Everyone should take some philosophy courses. [2] Philosophy courses ask questions about topics central to living well, and [3] you should take any course that helps you live well. [4] Also philosophy courses give you important critical thinking skills that everyone needs. Reading difficult philosophical texts helps you develop these critical thinking skills.

[1] We live in a vast universe. [2] There are billions of planets in our galaxy alone, and [3] trillions of galaxies that we can observe. [4] So, it’s overwhelmingly likely that life will have developed at some point on some planet besides Earth. Therefore, [5] given how likely it is that live has already sprung up, [6] there’s probably some extraterrestrial life forms existing right now.

[1] English, unlike other languages, lacks a distinct second person plural. [2] “You” is second person singular and plural. [3] Each language needs a distinct second person singular and plural to remove ambiguity. [4] So, English needs some word besides “you” for its second person plural. [5] We have “y’all” already to do the job. Hence [6] “y’all” should be English’s formal second person plural.

[1] Just look at the variety in heavy metal. [2] There are so many subgenres—death metal, black metal, doom, power metal, etc. and [3] really cool genre mash-ups. [4] There is banjo death metal, [5] R&B black metal, and [6] barbie-core just to name a few. [7] And one thing that makes music interesting is diversity. [8] So, metal is one of the most interesting musical genres.