Proto-oncogenes function by
a) preventing cells from dividing uncontrollably.
b) stimulating the cell cycle when appropriate signals and growth factors are present.
c) stimulating the cell cycle even when growth factors are absent.
d) increasing the activity of telomerase which in turn lengthens chromosomal telomeres.
e) pausing the cell cycle and returning the cell to g0 so that any dna damage can be repaired.