Which of the following is evidence that the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) route might have evolved earlier than the Embden-Meyerhof Pamas pathway (EMP)?

a. ED involves a larger number of reactions and produces more energy and reducing equivalents with respect to EMP.
b. ED involves fewer substrato-level phosphorylations and yields less energy and fewer reductants than EMP
c. They are both used to catabolize glucose.
d. 6-phosphogluconate is dehydrated to form pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which may then reenter the EMP pathway.
e. They both use ATP to phosphorylate glucose.