A 58-year-old woman experiences an acute exacerbation of asthma, which causes her breathing to become labored and faster. As a result, which of the following changes in airflow is expected?
a. Flow in the trachea and upper airways will become more laminar.
b. The pressure gradient required for airflow will increase.
c. The resistance to airflow will decrease.
d. The resistance to airflow will increase linearly with the decrease in airway radius.
e. Reynolds number will decrease.