"The foundations of old knowledge have collapsed.
Wise men have probed the depths of the earth;
Treasures of buried strata furnish the proofs of creation.
[Religion] is no longer the apex of fulfillment for the intelligent.
Atlas does not hold up the earth, nor is Aphrodite divine;
Plato’s wisdom cannot explain the principles of evolution.
‘Amr is no slave of Zayd, nor is Zayd ‘Amr’s master *—
Law depends upon the principle of equality.
Neither the fame of Arabia, nor the glory of Cairo remains.
This is the time for progress; the world is a world of science;
Is it possible to maintain society in ignorance?"
- Sâdullah Pasha, Ottoman intellectual, The Nineteenth Century, poem, 1878.
By the 1920s and 1930s, the ideas concerning science and progress reflected in the
poem underwent which of the following transformations?
(A) The ideas were largely rejected by non-Western leaders as incompatible with
indigenous norms and cultures.
(B) The ideas were largely supplanted by a revival of religious sentiment in the wake of
the First World War.
(C) The ideas came to be regarded with suspicion by many European intellectuals in
the light of subsequent scientific discoveries and political events.
(D) The ideas were regarded with increasing hostility by European intellectuals in the
wake of growing anticolonial movements in Asia and Africa.