"The foundations of old knowledge have collapsed.
Wise men have probed the depths of the earth;
Treasures of buried strata furnish the proofs of creation.
[Religion] is no longer the apex of fulfillment for the intelligent.
Atlas does not hold up the earth, nor is Aphrodite divine;
Plato’s wisdom cannot explain the principles of evolution.
‘Amr is no slave of Zayd, nor is Zayd ‘Amr’s master *—
Law depends upon the principle of equality.
Neither the fame of Arabia, nor the glory of Cairo remains.
This is the time for progress; the world is a world of science;
Is it possible to maintain society in ignorance?"
- Sâdullah Pasha, Ottoman intellectual, The Nineteenth Century, poem, 1878.
The last three lines of the poem best illustrate which of the following aspects of
Europe’s relationship with the rest of the world in the late nineteenth century?
(A) European imperial encroachments provoked a cultural backlash and a rejection of
Western values in many areas of Africa and Asia.
(B) Colonial subjects began organizing politically to overthrow European rule.
(C) Many countries were made dependent on Europe economically and politically
through treaties and trade agreements.
(D) Adoption of Western ideas caused many non-Western peoples to call for the
modernization of their own societies and states