Describe Lamarck's view of how species change. How was Darwin's view different than Lamarck's view? Did the story of the midwife toads support or refute Lamarck's view of how species change? How do scientists measure whether a female rat is a good mother or not? Rat pups that get licked a lot grow up to become mothers that lick their pups a lot. What are the two possible hypotheses for how this trait could get passed on? Genetic sequences (nucleotides) are fixed. What is the layer on top of the DNA called? What types of molecules make up this layer? How is the epigenome different from the genome? Explain in general terms how nurture can affect nature: Commercial Break If a boy goes through a famine (a period of starvation) when he is 9-12 years old, what effect can this have on his grandchildren? What could the mechanism (molecular cause) be? Explain in your own words. What if your grandpa was well-fed when he was 9-12 years old? You can change your environment much more easily than you can change your genes. From the point of view of being a parent or a child (specify which), how does your understanding