Johnny runs out of the house when he is confronted by the home owner and while he is running down the street a police officer confronts him and orders him to stop. Johnny stops, shows no weapons or other items or dangerous threats, but does not comply with the officer's orders and is refusing to be arrested. The police officer may use _____ force to execute this arrest.
a. Minimal
b. Lethal
c. Excessive
d. Reasonable