Which of the following are NOT valid arguments? (tip: if the argument isn't clear, try paraphrasing it/putting it in standard form first, then deciding if valid or invalid)
Question 3 options:

It will certainly rain. There are storm clouds overhead, and storm clouds overhead always bring rain.

All men are mortal. Socrates is mortal. Therefore, Socrates is a man.

You are serving pizza for dinner. Pizza is always delicious... so I know that this meal will be tasty.

All cows are black. Bessie is a cow. Accordingly, we can be certain that Bessie is black.