A U.S. citizen buys bonds issued by an automobile manufacturer in Japan. What is the nature of her expenditures?
1) U.S. foreign direct investment that increases U.S. net capital outflow
2) U.S. foreign direct investment that decreases U.S. net capital outflow
3) Japanese foreign direct investment that increases U.S. net capital outflow
4) Japanese foreign direct investment that decreases U.S. net capital outflow