Show the following propositions using a direct proof. (a) Proposition. If x is odd, then x² is odd. (b) Proposition. Let a, b, and c be integers. If a | b and b | c, then a | c. (c) Proposition. The function f(x) = x³ - 4x is odd. (d) Using basic trigonometric identities, show tan(x) + cot(x) = sec(x) csc(x).