Three has 2 prepositional phrases. For the girl and with the red hair.
Four has a compound predicate (if they was put in after the but it would be a compound sentence.) What is really a tricky word. It is a delimiter. It has the meaning of how much. It is used more plainly in the sense of "What time is it?" "What" in this case is not the beginning of an adverb clause.
A for certain has an adverb clause. because she liked painting is why she set up her studio.
B is not as easy. It certainly answers when something occurred in this case heard. The clause is as he was having a midnight snack...
