Suppose that two researchers studying at the galápagos islands find finches with a beak shape that has never been observed before. a random mutation in the gene encoding an important protein in the finch beak results in the unique beak shape. finches with this mutation have long, narrow beaks that allow them to pick grubs out of logs. grubs are common on this island, and no other finches can eat them, so this mutation is highly favorable. starting with a dna mutation, arrange the events to explain how the new beak shape became common in the population.

Natural selection acts in favor of beneficial mutations that increase the individual's fitness. A mutation occurs. Nucleotidic DNA sequence change. A protein is modified, and a new trait is modeled. 1G, 2C, 3A, 4F, 5E, 6B, 7D.

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Let us remember what natural selection is,

Natural selection, as an evolutive force, selects beneficial alleles and increases their frequency in the population.

It is the result of the phenotype-environment interaction which determines gene destiny in space and time.

It is the differential capability of individuals to leave offspring.

Natural selection results in adaptation, which means the increase of the aptitude phenotype.

Aptitude is the contribution of each genotype to the

In many cases adaptations, resulting from natural selection can be correlated to environmental factors or selective pressures applied by other organisms or habitats.

A mutation is a change or alteration in DNI sequences that introduce new variants.

Many of these mutations are eliminated, but some of them might succeed and be incorporated into each individual.

These mutations are the ones that have been selected by natural selection because they are beneficial.

Mutations accumulate in time, and are inherited to the following generations, getting to spread.

So in order,

1) There must be a mutation in an individual's genetic material.

2) This mutation must be beneficial, increasing the individual aptitude -fitness-.

3) This mutation must pass from generation to generation.

4) The mutation is selected by Natural selection, and hence it is incorporated in the species' genetic material.

Now let us talk about mutations,

As we said before, a mutation is a modification in the DNA sequence.

Different types of mutations can alter the nucleotidic sequence in a molecule.

If nucleotidic sequences change, then the protein synthesis is affected as well, because there is a modification in the amino acid sequence.

Mutations must occur in the exons, which are the encoding sequences.

According to this, introns and exons get transcripted from mutated DNA to the new mRNA molecule.

Introns are non-encoding sequences that must be removed before translation.

While introns are removed, the exons remain in the molecule, joint by their extremes.

Mature mRNA leaves the nucleus carrying the mutation and goes to the cytosol.

Once in the cytosol, translation occurs and a modified protein is produced.

The new protein specifies a new trait, which turns to be beneficial for the individual.

This beneficial change is selected by natural selection.

Now we can arrange the events to explain how the new beak shape became common in the population.

1 - One nucleotide is substituted for another one in finch DNA

2- Mutated DNA is transcripted

3- Introns are removed from the mutated mRNA

4- mRNA leaves the nucleus

5- mRNA is translated into a protein

6- Protein results in a unique beak type

7- Natural selection favors unique beak type

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