Heat from the Earth's core and radiation from the Sun is transferred to the surface of the Earth by conduction. Contact of the atmosphere with these warm surfaces transfers thermal energy, which then heats up the rest of the air through convection.
The earth is heated through convection as follows:
Convection occurs in gases and liquids and consists in that the hottest fluids are lighter than the cold ones, so they tend to rise while the cold ones go down forming convection currents.
When meeting two bodies that are at different temperatures, a heat flow is produced, the body that registers a higher temperature, in this framework, transfers heat to the one that is at a lower temperature by convention.
This phenomenon occurs naturally in the atmosphere by the sun's rays, which heat the earth's surface.
Then that heat is transmitted to the adjacent layer of air, causing it to decrease in density and rise.
That is, this heat is transmitted to the layer of air immediately adjacent to the earth's surface by molecular (conduction) and turbulent diffusion, as well as by radiation.
Therefore, we can conclude that the earth is heated through convection, the sun heats a certain portion of the surface, and the heat is transmitted to the air in contact with the surface by convection, causing it to expand and decrease its density.
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