Respuesta :
A) In classical conditioning, we need the toddler (US) to discontinue running across a street (UR) by associating it with something unpleasant.
During conditioning, we can use shouting as a neutral stimulus. (NS) Every time the toddler approaches the street (US) it will be associated with yelling. The toddler will then respond to the yelling with fear. (UR)
After conditioning, the toddler will associate crossing the street with fear, without the presence of yelling. (CR)
This method has been proved to generate phobias.
B) When it comes to removing a phobia, it may require systematic desensitization, a type a behavioral therapy based off of classical conditioning. It aims to remove fear (UR)
When the child sees the dog (US) the child is fearful (UR) so we would need relaxation techniques. For example, sweets can be used as a positive reinforcement. (NS)
During conditioning, every time the child is placed with a friendly dog, the child is rewarded with sweets. With enough repetition, the child will willing interact with the dog; play time is the conditioned stimulus, and sense of well-being is the conditioned response.
a. According to the book, classical conditioning is a sort of learning in which a person learns to link two or more inputs and predict occurrences. To teach a youngster not to run into the street, it must be exposed to stimuli that are associated with not doing so.
The youngster should link the street with negativity, as in the LittleAlbert experiment, by making a loud noise to terrify the child. If a child hears a loud noise every time he or she walks down the street, the child will quickly develop a phobia of the street. Another thing a child may identify with the street is punishment such as trash collection. In this scenario, the United States' answer would be to go to the streets. The CS is removing rubbish. The CR is a child who sees a street and wishes to cross it, but is unable to do so. The NS is the child who would do nothing if he or she saw a street.
b. Just as the child who is terrified of dogs on the street, the youngster who is afraid of dogs should have stimuli to link with the dog. This should, however, be positive stimulation, such as a pleasant mood. Giving the child a piece of candy or a treat when they engage with a dog, similar to Pavlov's experiment with dogs. In this example, the CS would be a candy bar. The CR would be the dog's pleasurable feelings. The US would represent the dog, while the UR would represent the dog's fear. The child who associates the dog with dread would be the NS. The child will eventually associate the pleasant sensation of receiving a treat with the dog.
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