British raj, a period of direct British rule over the Indian subcontinent from 1858 until the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947.
His attitude is that imperialism destroys both the nation colonized and the colonizer.
In the text, the man tasked with killing the elephant (for the metaphor, the colonizer) doesn't want to, but every one of the locals expects him to (they're the colonized).
So he does and he feels awful about it. This is how Orwell saw imperialism, the white men forcing himself to do things to enforce his rule over others, even when it went against his beliefs.
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