The scientists are able to get information from the rocks about the ancient atmosphere because the rocks have been in contact with it. By being in contact with the atmosphere, the rocks manage to get the gases from their atmosphere into their structure. Some rocks are better in providing this evidence than others, as it depends on how much a rock has been exposed to the atmosphere, as well as its structure, but still they have at least certain amount of elements that are good indicators about the composition of the ancient atmosphere, and to what kind of environment it was contributing.
This is because the layers of these rocks were laid down at a very important period in the history of Earth's atmosphere.
Petrology is the study of rocks such as igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary and the processes that form and transform them.
They formed at the same time that oxygen gas began to accumulate, or build up, in the atmosphere. So scientists study these rocks in order to learn about that time period.
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