Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions.Refer to the Research Study above to answer the following four questions.1. If Dr. Sheffield’s measure does not actually measure pathological gambling, his measure is said to lack which of the following?A. ValidityB. ConceptualizationC. ReliabilityD. Operationalization2. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to his supervisor, who is also an expert in pathological gambling. His supervisor says that his measure appears to test all the components of pathological gambling, including feeling restless when attempting to stop gambling, jeopardizing jobs in order to keep gambling, and using gambling to escape from problems and a bad mood. Given this information, Dr. Sheffield’s measure has evidence of which of the following?A. Content validityB. Criterion validityC. Predictive validityD. Discriminant validity3. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group of people in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. This procedure is known as a:A. Test-retest paradigmB. Prediction paradigmC. Known-groups paradigmD. Group evaluation paradigm4. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of his clients and at the same time measures how many times they have been gambling in the past month. He predicts that clients who score higher on his measure will also report gambling more times in the past month. This procedure is meant to provide evidence for which of the following?A. Face validityB. Criterion validityC. Content validityD. Discriminant validity

If the questions do not related to pathological gambling in any sense, the conclusion from the study would stray away from the actual cause that might influence the gambling. This make the data from the study cannot be used in any way or form to draw a conclusion.

2. A. Content validity

Content validity refers to whether the researchers have include all measures that could possibly influence the result of the research. Content validity must exist to ensure that the researchers could make the best possible conclusion for the phenomenons that occurs during the researches.

3. C. Known-groups paradigm

Known-groups paradigm refers to a situation where the researchers could ensure the validity of a certain research by including the group that they can control/discriminate. This group tend to filled with subjects with the same characteristic that can influence the result of the research.

4. B. Criterion validity.

Criterion validity commonly consist of predictive validity and concurrent validity. Concurrent validity is used to create a comparison among the measurements and outcome created by the measurement at the same time. Predictive validity on the other hand is used to create a comparison among the measurements and outcome created by the measurement that occurs later in the future.