You are referred a client named Mike, a 48-year-old male, who has recently received a liver transplant and is currently taking several immunosuppressive drugs and antibiotics to prevent organ rejection. It is your job to outline a safe and healthy eating plan for him as he recovers. During your first visit with Mike, he tells you that the immunosuppressants are causing nausea and loss of appetite. Some of the few items that he can tolerate are crackers and tomato soup. Mike's medications may have caused which of the following to occur in his GI tract ?

a. Increased salivary amylase production


b. Inability to digest fats


c. Release of excess pancreatic juice


d. Increased pepsin in the stomach


e. Reduction in normal intestinal flora