The aerobic respiration process occurs in different stages. Glycolysis -cytosol-, pyruvate oxidation -mitochondrial matrix-, Krebs cycle -mitochondrial matrix-, and oxidative phosphorylation -mitochondrial membrane-.
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Cellular respiration is the process by which cells degrade organic compounds –glucose- and turn them into energy –ATP-.
Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria and follows two ways, which depend on the presence or absence of oxygen. Both of them begin with the process of glycolysis, which occurs in the cytosol and does not need oxygen.
Aerobic Respiration
- Occurs in the presence of free oxygen.
- Series of reactions by which pyruvic acid (product of glycolysis) turns into CO₂ and H₂O, producing many ATP molecules.
- Occurs in the mitochondria.
Aerobic respiration includes different stages. Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
- Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and is the process through which a molecule of glucose is turned into two pyruvates + ATP + NADPH.
- Pyruvate gets into the mitochondrial matrix, where through the oxidative process, produce Acetyl-Coa and NADH, and CO₂ is released.
- Acetyl-Coa combines with a 4-C molecule and gets into the Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle), which also occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. Many different chemical reactions occur in the cycle and finally, a new molecule of 4-C is produced, together with NADH, FADH2, and ATP. CO₂ is released.
- Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the internal mitochondrial membrane. This is the stage where electrons move through the electrons transporter chain. NADH and FADH₂ produced in the anterior stages provide their electrons to the chain and return as NAD+ and FAD. As electrons move along the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix producing a gradient. ATP-synthase takes protons into the matrix again and generates energy as ATP. At the end of the chain, oxygen gets the electrons and protons and turns into water molecules.
Anaerobic Respiration
- Occurs in the absence of free oxygen
- Series of reactions by which using pyruvate (product of glycolysis) 2 ATP molecules can be produced.
- There are two ways in which anaerobic respiration can be produced: lactic fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.
- Lactic fermentation produces lactic acid and 2 ATP
- Alcoholic fermentation occurs in two steps, and the final products are ethylic alcohol, 2ATP, and 2 CO₂
- The whole anaerobic process occurs outside the mitochondria.
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