A. A persuasive appeal to the emotions: 11. pathos
Pathos is a mode of persuasion that aims to convince someone on something by appealing to their emotions, whether those emotions are negative or positive.
B. A polite way of expressing an unpleasant truth: 7. euphemism
Euphemisms are idiomatic expressions that are mild, indirect or polite, used to substitute a word with unpleasant, offensive or harsh connotations. For example, "Comfort woman" is a euphemism for "prostitute."
C. The emotion a reader takes from a story: 9. mood
The mood refers to the predominant emotion or feeling that a reader takes from a story and it is created through the choice of words, phrases, and tone used to narrate.
D. Overstating for effect: 10. exaggeration
For example, when we say phrases that are obviously false like "I just ate the biggest burger ever" only to emphasize how big the burger was.
E. The point an author is trying to prove: 8. thesis
A thesis is a statement, affirmation or a point that an author tries to prove. They are particularly common in academic essays.