According to the Treaty of Paris, the Mississippi River would be open for trade to both the Americans and British.
What was the navigation of the Mississippi River?
According to the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1783), the Mississippi would form the western border of the United States and be navigable by Americans. In 1784, when Spain barred Americans from using the river, the South became hostile and declared war. When Don Diego de Gardoqui, a diplomat from Spain, arrived in America in 1786, he immediately started negotiating with John Jay, the country's secretary of state for foreign affairs.
The backlash was fast and venomous after it was revealed that Congress had given Jay permission to forego the Americans' right to navigate the river for twenty years. Delegates from the South in Congress contended that the river was their economy's commercial lifeline. Even the threat of raising armies to expel the Spanish from the area came from the West.
Northerners were just as abrasive. Since Westerners and Southerners represented blocs hesitant to temporarily give up navigation rights in order to rapidly win a trade contract with Spain that would benefit the Northern States, they toyed with the concept of a Northern confederacy. John Marshall noted that leaders like Patrick Henry would prefer to "part with the confederation than to cede the navigation of the Mississippi" because the press maintained the matter in the public eye outside of Congress.
The Southern delegates sought a two-thirds vote for ratifying treaties during the Constitutional Convention because they saw the Mississippi issue as a lesson. Southern states were granted veto authority over any deal that jeopardized their interests by a two-thirds majority.
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