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Bonjour
The correct translation for "John loves books" is
John adore les livres.
I'm not sure being able to explain. "les livres " is a general concept..
it's like you would say "I like chocolate"... we say "j'aime le chocolat" ...
For sure, you have to use an article = "John aime livres" is FALSE
same for "John aime des livres"
John aimes les livres, means he loves all books, he loves reading.
But you can say," il y a des livres sur la table".... they are just books...no matter which one..
Hope I found the right words to explain ... ☺☺☺