Jacob and Vanessa have been dating for almost two years, and they both enjoy the relationship. However, Vanessa often feels like she has a hard time reading Jacob's nonverbal messages. Several times Vanessa has found out after the fact that Jacob was upset about something. She has no problem expressing herself, and she thinks he should be able to also. Jacob also won't make eye contact with Vanessa when they are having a disagreement. Jacob doesn't like to talk about disagreements, especially since he thinks his deep voice makes his words sound too harsh. Over the past two years, Vanessa has also noticed that they differ in their desire for personal space and touch. Jacob likes being close to Vanessa, and he often initiates touch; whereas Vanessa feels like she needs more personal space.

Vanessa and Jacob have different nonverbal communication styles. Which of the following is one of the reasons researchers think men and women communicate differently?

a. their socialization as children
b. their biological differences
c. Men are from Mars; women are from Venus.
d.both socialization and biological differences
e. None of these choices are correct.