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The Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, or CMB for short, is a faint glow of light that fills the universe, falling on Earth from every direction with nearly uniform intensity. It is the residual heat of creation--the afterglow of the big bang--streaming through space these last 14 billion years like the heat from a sun-warmed rock, reradiated at night.
Since the early twentieth century, two concepts have transformed the way astronomers think about observing the universe. The first is that it is fantastically large; the portion of the universe visible today is a sphere nearly 15 billion light-years in radius, and that, we believe, is just the tip of the iceberg. The second is that light travels at a fixed speed. A simple consequence of these ideas is that as you look at more and more distant objects, you're seeing farther and farther back in time--sometimes very far back indeed. When you see Jupiter shining in the night sky, for example, you're looking about an hour back in time, whereas the light from distant galaxies captured by telescopes today was emitted millions of years ag0.
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For thousands of years, human being have been contemplating the Universe and seeking to determine its true extent. And whereas ancient philosophers believed that the world consisted of a disk, a ziggurat or a cube surrounded by celestial oceans or some kind of ether, the development of modern astronomy opened their eyes to new frontiers. By the 20th century, scientists began to understand just how vast (and maybe even unending) the Universe really is.
And in the course of looking farther out into space, and deeper back in time, cosmologists have discovered some truly amazing things. For example, during the 1960s, astronomers became aware of microwave background radiation that was detectable in all directions. Known as the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), the existence of this radiation has helped to inform our understanding of how the Universe began.
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