The goal seems to be a non-starter for the team as they have never mishandled fewer than 200 bags, let alone hitting the goal of 100 bags. Based on expectancy theory, this is a(n) ______ problem.

expectancy

valence

outcome

instrumentality

equity

. Lucas is concerned that even if he puts forth effort and performs as expected, there are other individuals (i.e. flight crew, gate agents, etc.) who can still cause the on-time performance goal not to be met. Based on expectancy theory, which of the following is most closely related to Lucas’s concern?

instrumentality

valence

positive inequity

expectancy negative

inequity

The employees are motivated by the idea of making more money, though they do not feel that it is equitable that their performance will be judged and rewarded in the same manner as smaller airports. In terms of money as a motivator, which of the following would apply?

intrinsic reward

Theory Y

Theory X

extrinsic reward

The expectation theory is sub-divided into valence, instrumentality and expectancy. Expectancy is the probability that certain effort will lead to desired results and performance. In this case, the goal is given for a non-starter team as they mishandled 200 bags. The probability of hitting the ball of 100 is based upon the expectancy in expectancy theory. Therefore, this is expectancy problem

(b)

Instrumentality in expectancy theory is based on the belief that one can accomplish a particular goal in case one works hard to achieve the goal. In this case, if Lucas had done enough to get success, he will obtain it according to the instrumentality in expectation theory. Lucas is thinking that even if he performs well, then also other individuals can cause the performance not being created. It is the case of instrumentality problem. Therefore, this is instrumentality problem.

(c)

Extrinsic reward is a reward given for an individual or an employee in terms of the visual rewards. These visual rewards includes overtime cash, salary, bonus and others These rewards motivate the employee working in the firms. If the money is being considered as a motivator, then it will be called an extrinsic motivator. However, appreciation would be called intrinsic motivator. Therefore, this is an extrinsic reward