Answer:
The right answer is e.
Explanation:
The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 is a major historical even. It isn´t only a peace treaty that put an end to the Thirty Years´ War, it marks the beginning of the era of the sovereign nation-state as the main actor in international relations. The conflict was political, military, territorial and religious. Its clauses mean a rearrengement of the map of modern Europe, a formal confirmation of the status of the Swiss Confederation and of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, the independence of German princedoms from the Holy Roman Empire´s influence, and the establishment of religious tolerance and the formal admission of Protestantism by Catholic powers, especially by the Holy Roman emperor.