Answer:
When the first seven states began to organize a Confederation in Montgomery, the entire United States Army had only 16,000 men.
European immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers, including 177,000 German-born and 144,000 Irish-born.
When the Emancipation Proclamation came into force in January 1863, former slaves were energetically recruited by the states and used to meet state quotas. States and local communities have offered ever higher cash bonuses to white volunteers. Congress tightened the law in March 1863. Men selected in the draft could provide substitutes or, until mid-1864, pay for commuting money. Many eligible people pooled their money to cover the cost of anyone who was summoned. Families used the surrogate provision to select which man should enter the army and which should stay at home. T
here was a lot of evasion and open resistance to the project, especially in Catholic areas. The riot in New York City in July 1863 involved Irish immigrants who had been registered as citizens to increase the vote of the city's Democratic political machine without realizing that it made them responsible for the project. Of the 168,649 men hired for the Union through the project, 117,986 were substitutes, leaving only 50,663 who had their personal services recruited.
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