"When we run over libraries, persuaded of these principles, what havoc must we make? If we take in our hand any volume; of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance; let us ask, Does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number?

a. No. Does it contain any experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact and existence?
b. No. Commit it then to the flames: for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion."

Abstract reasoning: the last type of reasoning focuses on the ability to think and create different things, through abstract thinking, where concepts can be determined through innovative ideas. It is the opposite of concrete, when a certain thing is not palpable or not visible.

It is practically the opposite of logical reasoning, as it works with the concept of fact analysis, arriving at reason.

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