family carriers of a genetic disorder
- in pedigrees, we can observe carriers for a particular disease through symbols and shades throughout generations
family history of a genetic disorder
- in pedigrees, we can observe the succession of the diseases throughout generations
risk of a genetic disorder in offspring
- we can also deduce the genotype and phenotype of the offspring based on pedigrees with family histories of the disease
a visual image of a chromosomal defect
- this can only be observed in karyotypes because we are able to visualize the chromosomes per person
