Answer:
d. Any percentage less than 50 percent
Explanation:
After a stock redemption, in order for an exchange to be considered "substantially disproportionate", the majority shareholder's new position must be less than the lesser between 80% of their original share of the stock and 50% (lose control of the company).
If Sam originally had 65%, 80% of his original share is:
[tex]0.65*0.80 =0.52= 52\%[/tex]
Since 50% < 52%, Sam must own any percentage less than 50 percent for it to be treated as an exchange under the "substantially disproportionate" test.