Read the following passage carefully and then answer all the questions.
Barry Stone, the writer, describes a trip to Kamchatka, a remote area of
Russia. Russia’s Far East Alexey, our park ranger, released the safety
catch on his shotgun, and moved a hand toward the flare gun on his
belt—always the preferred option when confronted by an adult bear and the
threat of danger. We didn’t intend to come between the mother and her
cub, but the river in which they’d been gorging themselves on salmon
moments earlier had separated them. Its glacial current was carrying the
cub downstream and past our huddled group of 16 intruders. Now, through
no fault of our own, we were in the one spot humans should never be.
When the mother bear raised herself to a height of two metres and looked
straight through us in search of her cub, our many cameras clicked as one.
This was despite there being nothing between us and death, except for just
a few metres of Kamchatkan scrub and Alexey’s powerful rifle.
Fortunately this story had a happy ending. Kamchatkan brown bears are
nowhere near as aggressive as their cousins, the American grizzly, and
feed almost exclusively on the region’s plentiful supplies of salmon,
supplementing their diets with pine nuts, berries, and the occasional rodent.
According to Alexey, only one in every hundred encounters here ends in a
bear attack. That said, having spotted maybe 150 bears over the last three
days, I was probably overdue for a mauling. But who dwells on statistics
when they’re having the time of their life?
The Kamchatka Peninsula is in the Russian Far East, a little over two
hours’ flying time from Tokyo. It hangs off the end of Siberia like a fish tail,
with the Sea of Okhotsk on one side and the Bering Sea on the other. How
many bears live here? Nobody knows. Estimates range from as few as
8,000 to more than twice that number. Gathering information about bear
populations (or anything else for that matter) in such a huge and
unpopulated region isn’t easy.
Remote Kurilskoye Lake is the largest breeding ground for red salmon in
Eurasia. From the comfort of our lodge on its shores, we watched bears
chase one another over open meadows, mother bears feeding their young,
and cubs nestling with siblings. We saw them strolling along the perimeter
of the electric fence, and we watched as 650-kilo adult males barged their
way through crystal-clear rivers in their hunt for salmon.
If you’re after real nature, then it’s hard to beat Kamchatka. Every
encounter was wild, spontaneous and thrilling (and even potentially fatal,
like the time a bear lumbered out from behind a bush as we collected
driftwood along the lakeshore for the evening bonfire). When our first pair
of sea eagles appeared overhead showing off two-metre wingspans, one
with a full-grown salmon hanging limply from its claws, the birdwatchers
among us went into a frenzy. Where were you supposed to point your
binoculars in this place? Up? Down? Sideways?
Kamchatka is not easy to get to. Even though it is attached to the mainland,
it might as well be an island, as the terrain is so impenetrable that no road
has ever been built and more than half of Kamchatka’s 400,000 residents
live in the capital. In an area that has a population of less than one person
per square kilometre, and where almost a third of the land is designated a
wilderness reserve, once you leave the city, it won’t be long until you’re at
one with nature.
And what nature! More than 300 snow-dusted volcanoes, of which 29 are
active, protrude from the harsh landscape. It has been called the Land of
Fire and Ice. Mount Koryaksky, just 28 kilometres from the capital, looks
positively menacing. It’s a ‘Decade Volcano’, one of just 16 in the world
constantly watched because of their eruptive history and proximity to
significant population centres. Koryaksky last erupted in 2009, when it
ejected an enormous ash plume into the sky—which is as good a reason
as any to get out of town.510152025303540
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