Indirect characterization occurs when an author implicitly describes a character. It falls on the reader to determine what the character's real nature is from the clues that are provided. The two elements of indirect characterization are;
Through the dialogue that the character holds with himself or others, the reader can determine his personality.
He might be conspiring with another character thus giving the impression that he is cunning and wicked. His actions such as fighting might describe him as violent.
So, actions and speech are elements of indirect characterization.
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