When DNA is copied, sometimes one or more of its nitrogen bases are copied incorrectly. How do you predict that a change to a single nitrogen base, such as an adenine or an thymine, could affect the function of a gene?

During DNA replication, a copy of one of its strands is synthesized. This duplication of genetic material occurs according to a semiconservative mechanism, indicating that the two polymers that are complementary to the original DNA, when separated, each serve as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand of the template strand, so that each new double helix contains one of the strands of the original DNA. Thanks to the complementation between the bases that form the sequence of each of the chains, the DNA has the important property of reproducing itself identically, which allows the genetic information to be transmitted from a stem cell to the daughter cells and is the basis for the inheritance of the genetic material.

The genetic material is used to store the genetic information of an organic life form and, in eukaryotes, is stored in the nucleus of the cell. This information is encoded in the sequence of nucleotides that make up DNA. A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. The bases used in DNA are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). In RNA, the uracil base (U) takes the place of thymine. An A pairs up with T and U, while and C pais up with G (remember DNA has 2 strand so the bases of the nucleotides of each strand are complementary to each other)

During the process of gene expression, DNA is transcribed into RNA which is a molecule used for protein synthesis or translation. During this process, the base sequences of the RNA nucleotides are read (remembering that RNA is synthesized in a complementary manner to RNA).

The genetic code is the set of rules by which the information encoded in genetic material (RNA sequences) is translated into proteins (amino acid sequences) in living cells. In RNA, three bases (called codon) are encoded for one amino acid. And several amino acids form a protein.

In the event that during DNA replication an error has occurred and an erroine base has been inserted, it is possible that now the codon which is different, codes for another amino acid and then a different protein is made. This is not always the case, however, as the genetic code is redundant. That means that most amino acids are encoded by more than one codon.

luisvaschetto luisvaschetto · Answer 2 · 2021-12-03T15:08:23+01:00

A change in a nitrogen base can affect the function of a gene by being transcribed into a non-synonym codon and therefore also being translated into a distinct protein.

A mutation is any alteration in the nucleotide (DNA) sequence of the genome of an organism.

During gene transcription, a specific DNA sequence is used as a template to create an mRNA sequence.

The linear order of triplets of nucleotides or codons in mRNA determines the order of amino acids that will be added to the protein during translation.

A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is a single mutation and has the potential to encode a different codon.

A non-silent mutation is a type of mutation that leads to the addition of a different amino acid in the resulting protein.

Non-silent mutations can be produced by insertions, deletions or SNPs.

In conclusion, a change in a nitrogen base can affect the function of a gene by being transcribed into a non-synonym codon and therefore also being translated into a distinct protein.

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