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Korean words I know are 안녕 (annyeong) 어떻게 지내 (eotteohge jinae) and also 오늘 좋은 하루 보내세요 (oneul joh-eun halu bonaeseyo)
Explanation
Korean society has undergone a major transformation since 1960. An economic miracle, demographic transition, urbanization, changes in family life, and the formation of civil society constitute the major features of the transformation. The collapse of the Syngman Rhee regime attributable to student power in 1960 and the institution of a military regime headed by Park Jung-hee one year later signaled the beginning of the whole process. The military government initiated a strong drive for economic growth and population control in 1962, and its efforts were rewarded.
Before its economy rose out of its traditional stagnation, Korea was one of the poorest countries in the world, with few natural resources and rapidly growing population pressures. In 1960, the per capita GNP was about 80 US dollars, and 25 million people resided on the approximately 100,000 square kilometers (62,000 square miles) of land. In addition, the country had been divided into two political entities after its liberation in 1945 from the 35-year colonial rule of Japan, and a civil war during 1950-53 (the Korean War) reconfirmed the division.
Traditionally, most Koreans had engaged in agriculture. But the exploitative agricultural policy of the colonial regime resulted in the exodus of poor tenants and farm laborers to Japan, Manchuria, and cities on the Korean peninsula throughout the colonial period. The urban population increased from 2.8% of the total population in 1915 to 13.2% in 1944. It was estimated that there were about four million Koreans overseas—representing 13% of all Koreans worldwide at the end of the colonial rule. In sum, Korea experienced the largest diaspora of any country in the first half of the twentieth century.
Following the 1950-53 war, Korean emigrants in Japan and Manchuria were repatriated on a massive scale, and about 80% of them settled in South Korea. Adding to this, a population movement developed from North to South Korea immediately following the liberation and continued through the civil war. The total number of returnees and refugees that entered South Korea was estimated at more than 3 million, about 15% of the total South Korean population. The destitute migrants headed for cities, and the cities experienced population explosions. Another result of the war was a baby boom that brought about an annual rate of natural population growth of 3%, the highest in the history of Korea. The baby boom added difficulties to an already desperate economy. At this moment of crisis, the country started on its path toward development and modernization.
Korea’s demographic transition started in the early 20th century with the introduction of Western medical and health systems. Mortality rates declined, and the life expectancy of Koreans increased from 37 years, during 1925-30, to 52 years during 1955-60. Increasing population growth rates exacerbated pressures on land resources. The process of population stabilization began in the early 1960s. Responding to the high population pressure coupled with extreme poverty, the government became more involved in family planning. Fertility began to decline rapidly in the mid 1960s and reached the bare population replacement level in the mid 1980s. Fertility transition had progressed at a tempo unprecedented in any demographic history, taking only 20 years to complete. Fertility has continued to decline, such that year 2000 fertility levels should lead to a population reduction of 30% in 30 years.
With fertility transition, mortality has declined without interruption. Life expectancy at birth was estimated to be 52.4 years in 1960 and reached 75.5 years in 1999.
Economic Development
Profound changes have been noticed in every field of life since 1960. In 1962, the government began a series of 5-year national plans for economic development, and the national economy began to grow rapidly. The per capita GNP rose from about 80 dollars in 1960 to 1,600 dollars in 1980, and passed the 10,000-dollar mark in the mid 1990s, before the country faced an international financial crisis at the end of 1997. The per capita GNP plunged to 6,740 dollars in 1998, but recovered to the 10,000-dollar mark in 2000, and the government declared that the financial crisis had ended in 2001. Concomitant changes in material life have been apparent. For instance, the number of registered motor vehicles increased 360 times over, from 31,000 to 11,134,000, between 1960 and 1999, while population was less than doubled in the same period.
The main mechanism for economic development was government-led industrialization.
