Seventy-seven-year-old Martha was surprised to learn that her daughter, Isabel, was angry at her all day for saying something rude to Isabel's husband. When Isabel said, "Mom I have been angry at you all day," Martha said, "I had no idea you were upset with me." Studies indicate that the reason Martha could not detect her daughter's anger is because many older adults have a reduced ability to read emotions by looking at the eyes of others. With respect to the information-processing approach, this inability reflects a problem in: