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The interphase (G1, S, and G2 phases) precedes meiosis (Meiosis 1 and meiosis 2). Immediately after meiosis, cytokinesis occurs.
1: S phase / 2: Anaphase 1 and 2 / 3: cytokinesis / 4: S phase / 5: Prophase 1.
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The interphase occurs before cell division. It is composed of the G1, S, and G2 stages.
During the S stage occurs the DNI replication process. At this point, also happens the synthesis of histones and other associated proteins. This is the only stage where the DNI molecule is replicated.
Among the enzymes involved in the DNA replication process, two of them are
- DNA polymerase III
• Responsible for DNA elongation by adding nucleotides to the growing chain, from 3' to 5' extremes.
• It includes only nucleotides that complement the original strand.
• They need to recognize a primer to begin.
- DNA polymerase I eliminate ARN primers and substitute them with DNA.
- DNA ligase seals the gaps that remain after replacing the primers by reestablishing phosphodiester bonds. They also bind the Okasaki fragments during the discontinuous strain synthesis.
1. the protein DNA polymerase >>>>>>> S phase.
4. the protein ligase >>>>>>> S phase.
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Through Meiosis, a diploid cell (2n) produces four haploid daughter cells (n).
After DNA replication there are two meiotic phases.
- The first one is a reductive phase, in which homologous chromosomes separate.
- In the second phase, the cell suffers a new, not reductive division.
During prophase 1 of meiosis, each chromosome carefully pairs with its homologous chromosome.
Crossing-over is the interchange of genetic information between two homologous chromosomes, making the daughter cells genetically different from the original one.
The point where the interchange of genetic information occurs is the chiasma.
5. the chiasma formation >>>>>>> propahase I
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Antiparallel microtubules between the separating chromosomes compose the spindle apparatus.
These fibers get elongated during the anaphase, while chromosomes or chromatids migrate to the opposite poles of the cell.
The depolarization of the microtubules drives the chromosomes or chromatids to segregate during the anaphase.
2. the depolymerization of the microtubules >>>>>> anaphase I and II
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Actin is a globular protein. Actin filaments are composed of the polymerization of the protein.
Among their many functions, actin polymers are involved in cytokinesis.
The final strangulation of the cytoplasm during the division process occurs through the organization of actin filaments.
Filaments form a ring structure, which progressively narrows its diameter until the complete separation of the two daughter cells.
3. the polymerization of actin >>>>>>> cytokenesis
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1. the protein DNA polymerase >>>>>>>>> S phase.
2. the depolymerization of the microtubules >>>>>>>>> anaphase I and II.
3. the polymerization of actin >>>>>>>>> cytokenesis.
4. the protein ligase >>>>>>>>> S phase
5. the chiasmata formation >>>>>>>>>>> prophase I
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